Pest control involves tactics to stop pests from causing unacceptable damage. This is usually accomplished through prevention, suppression, and, in some cases, eradication.
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Pests are undesirable organisms (insects, weeds, plant diseases, rodents, bacteria, viruses, fungi or nematodes) that damage or spoil crops, food stores, lawns, houseplants and other human-occupied structures, degrade the environment, displace native plants and animals, and/or cause health and safety concerns. Prevention is the most effective method of controlling pests and should always be utilized before using other control methods.
Preventive strategies include structural maintenance, removing the conditions that lead to infestations, and specific enhancements of environmental conditions. Structural maintenance includes regularly cleaning living areas, keeping garbage in tightly-covered containers, and repairing leaky faucets and eaves. Specific enhancements to environmental conditions include eliminating overwintering sites and shelter for pests, improving sanitation practices, and increasing the frequency of garbage pickup. Sanitation also involves reducing access to water by securing irrigation systems and rainwater collection, minimizing weed growth around buildings, and avoiding standing water.
Several natural factors affect the population of pests, including climate, competition with other organisms, availability of food and water sources, and habitat barriers. Natural enemies, such as birds, insects, and mammals, are important controllers of many pest populations. In addition, geographic features such as mountains or bodies of water restrict the movement of some pests.
Moisture is a major attractant of most pests, especially in urban environments. Keep moisture levels to a minimum by sealing cracks and crevices, and by installing vent covers and gutter guards. Regularly examining windows and doors for gaps and cracks, and promptly repairing them, is another preventive measure that can be taken. Similarly, door sweeps and weather stripping can help to seal voids and prevent pest entry into confined spaces such as crawl spaces and basements.
Suppression
When signs of pest infestation occur, rapid intervention is necessary to reduce the risk of damage. Suppression tactics limit pests by restricting their activity or population growth, such as by removing their food, water and shelter sources. Biological, physical and chemical controls are often used in this stage.
Biological controls include natural enemies that attack or injure target pests to manage their populations. Examples of these include nematodes that control insect pests and plant pathogens that infect or kill them. Nematodes and pathogens release toxins that quickly incapacitate or kill their prey. These natural controls require time to build up to effective levels and may need to be supplemented with other controls, such as predators and parasitoids that injure or consume pests.
Fungicides also are commonly used to control certain pest species and can be applied as a spray or dust. These substances are absorbed through an insect’s cuticle and enter the body to cause cell death or dehydrate the organism. Fungicides typically have low risks of toxicity to humans and the environment, but it is important to follow label instructions and apply them only when needed.
Chemical controls are generally used to suppress pests when preventive or biological control measures are ineffective. The goal of pesticide applications is to reduce pest numbers or damage to an acceptable level with as little harm to other plants, animals and the environment as possible. Pesticides are usually used in combination with other control methods and should be selected with care to minimize weed and disease resistance.
In some cases, eradication is the desired goal of pest management. This is especially true in health care settings, where a zero tolerance for pests exists in operating rooms and other sterile areas. It also is the goal with some plant diseases, such as blights and rusts. To eradicate a pest, the organism must be killed completely and rapidly, which is difficult to accomplish with preventive or suppression methods alone. Often, it is necessary to use regulatory control methods in addition to these other approaches. The key to successful eradication is to identify and understand the organism, its life cycle and habits, and how it infests human structures or landscapes.
Eradication
As its name suggests, eradication attempts to kill or prevent pests altogether. It is the most dramatic method of pest control. A specialized pest control company may spray your home with chemicals that kill or repel certain types of pests. It can also recommend structural and yard repair to prevent future problems.
Before you begin any pest control program, learn about the life cycles and habits of the particular pests in your area. This knowledge will help you identify and eliminate their favorite places to hide and find food. You will also be able to prevent them from entering your home by removing access points, such as cracks and crevices. Also, regularly clean areas where they might breed and feed, including removing trash from the home on a regular basis and storing foods in tightly sealed containers.
After a thorough inspection, determine the extent of the problem and select the proper control measures. A good indicator is the tolerance level for a specific pest; if you can tolerate a few of them, scouting and monitoring may be all you need to do. If, however, you see the pests more frequently or in larger numbers, then intervention is necessary.
Biological controls are often used to limit the growth of unwanted plants and animals. These are typically based on parasites, predators and pathogens. In most cases, these natural enemies cannot completely control a pest population and will usually need to be supplemented by the use of chemical or physical controls.
A chemical-based approach to controlling pests involves the use of insecticides and herbicides. The chemicals will target the pests and destroy them. However, they can be damaging to the environment and human beings as well. It is important to understand the pest’s life cycle, pheromones and resistance levels before using any chemicals.
Eradicating a pest infestation can be an expensive and time-consuming process. It is best to work with a professional pest control company to prevent a problem from starting in the first place. In addition, you can use natural deterrents around the outside of your house to keep pests away. For example, a mixture of pepper, coffee grounds and vinegar can be very effective at keeping ants and other insects from invading your home.
IPM
Integrated Pest Management is a holistic approach to managing pests and their impacts on people, property and the environment. The goal of IPM is to achieve long-term prevention, control or eradication of pests using a variety of approaches including biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical controls. IPM uses monitoring and accurate identification of pests to determine whether or when action should be taken. Pesticides are used only as a last resort and in a way that minimizes exposure to people and non-target organisms.
Schools are a prime location for IPM because children are more susceptible to diseases carried by biting insects and allergic reactions to cockroaches and rodent infestations. IPM focuses on creating safe and healthy learning environments by managing pests, protecting students from harmful insects and reducing the use of unnecessary pesticides.
To reduce pests in and around school buildings, IPM practices focus on creating unfavorable environments for pests by removing food, water and shelter. This includes keeping living areas clean and sealed, storing food in pest-proof containers, and sealing entry points into structures. It also includes choosing plants that thrive in the region, including those that withstand the climate and soil conditions, and properly caring for them.
IPM programs also rely on a number of non-chemical strategies to help manage pests before they reach damaging levels, such as crop rotation and selecting disease-resistant varieties. It may also include the deliberate release of natural enemies of pests, such as predators or parasitoids, to take care of them before they become a problem. IPM practitioners must constantly evaluate these and other preventive measures to see how effective they are and to make changes where necessary.
By combining preventive strategies with targeted management actions when pest populations build up to unacceptable levels, IPM is the best choice for protecting children in schools. However, it requires cooperation from all stakeholders – teachers, parents and students must all be on board to support IPM and keep pesticides out of the hands of children. This is a challenge because pesticides can be addictive and some may even cause serious health problems.